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Subject: Summary of the Types of Flip
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f>
<P><BIG><BIG><BIG><STRONG>Summary of the Types of Flip-flop=20
Behaviour</STRONG></BIG></BIG></BIG></P>
<P><FONT face=3DArial>Since memory elements in sequential circuits are =
usually=20
flip-flops, it is worth summarising the behaviour of various flip-flop =
types=20
before proceeding further.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=3DArial>All flip-flops can be divided into four basic =
types:=20
<STRONG>SR</STRONG>, <STRONG>JK</STRONG>, <STRONG>D </STRONG>and=20
<STRONG>T</STRONG>. They differ in the number of inputs and in the =
response=20
invoked by different value of input signals. The four types of =
flip-flops are=20
defined in Table 1.</FONT></P>
<P align=3Dcenter><STRONG>Table 1. Flip-flop Types</STRONG></P>
<TABLE border=3D1 width=3D"95%" align=3Dcenter height=3D190>
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD bgColor=3D#ff8040 height=3D44 width=3D"11%" =
align=3Dmiddle>FLIP-FLOP NAME</TD>
    <TD bgColor=3D#ff8040 height=3D44 width=3D"16%" =
align=3Dmiddle>FLIP-FLOP SYMBOL</TD>
    <TD bgColor=3D#ff8040 height=3D44 width=3D"28%" =
align=3Dmiddle>CHARACTERISTIC=20
    TABLE</TD>
    <TD bgColor=3D#ff8040 height=3D44 width=3D"18%" =
align=3Dmiddle>CHARACTERISTIC=20
      EQUATION</TD>
    <TD bgColor=3D#ff8040 height=3D44 width=3D"27%" =
align=3Dmiddle>EXCITATION=20
  TABLE</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD bgColor=3D#69e2c1 height=3D48 width=3D"11%"=20
    align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>SR</STRONG></TD>
    <TD bgColor=3D#ffffff height=3D48 width=3D"16%" align=3Dmiddle><IMG=20
      alt=3D"sr-fl.gif (1677 bytes)"=20
      =
src=3D"http://www.eelab.usyd.edu.au/digital_tutorial/part3/sr-fl.gif"=20
      width=3D102 height=3D90></TD>
    <TD height=3D48 width=3D"28%" align=3Dmiddle>
      <TABLE border=3D1 width=3D"89%" height=3D113>
        <TBODY>
        <TR>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad height=3D22 width=3D"26%"=20
            align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>S</STRONG></TD>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad height=3D22 width=3D"25%"=20
            align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>R</STRONG></TD>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad height=3D22 width=3D"49%"=20
            =
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>Q<SMALL><SMALL>(next)</SMALL></SMALL></STRONG></TD=
></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD height=3D22 width=3D"26%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD height=3D22 width=3D"25%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD height=3D22 width=3D"49%" align=3Dmiddle>Q</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD height=3D22 width=3D"26%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD height=3D22 width=3D"25%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD height=3D22 width=3D"49%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD height=3D22 width=3D"26%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD height=3D22 width=3D"25%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD height=3D22 width=3D"49%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD height=3D1 width=3D"26%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD height=3D1 width=3D"25%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD height=3D1 width=3D"49%" =
align=3Dmiddle>?</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD>
    <TD bgColor=3D#69e2c1 height=3D48 width=3D"18%"=20
      align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>Q<SMALL><SMALL>(next)</SMALL></SMALL> =3D S =
+=20
      R'Q</STRONG>
      <P><STRONG>SR =3D 0</STRONG></P></TD>
    <TD height=3D48 width=3D"27%" align=3Dmiddle>
      <TABLE border=3D1 width=3D"93%">
        <TBODY>
        <TR>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"25%" =
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>Q</STRONG></TD>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"29%"=20
            =
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>Q<SMALL><SMALL>(next)</SMALL></SMALL></STRONG></TD=
>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"24%" =
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>S</STRONG></TD>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"22%"=20
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>R</STRONG></TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"25%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"29%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"24%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"22%" align=3Dmiddle>X</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"25%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"29%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"24%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"22%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"25%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"29%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"24%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"22%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"25%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"29%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"24%" align=3Dmiddle>X</TD>
          <TD width=3D"22%" =
align=3Dmiddle>0</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD bgColor=3D#69e2c1 height=3D23 width=3D"11%"=20
    align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>JK</STRONG></TD>
    <TD bgColor=3D#ffffff height=3D23 width=3D"16%" align=3Dmiddle><IMG=20
      alt=3D"jk-fl.gif (1662 bytes)"=20
      =
src=3D"http://www.eelab.usyd.edu.au/digital_tutorial/part3/jk-fl.gif"=20
      width=3D102 height=3D90></TD>
    <TD height=3D23 width=3D"28%" align=3Dmiddle>
      <TABLE border=3D1 width=3D"89%">
        <TBODY>
        <TR>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"26%" =
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>J</STRONG></TD>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"25%" =
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>K</STRONG></TD>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"49%"=20
            =
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>Q<SMALL><SMALL>(next)</SMALL></SMALL></STRONG></TD=
></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"26%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"25%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"49%" align=3Dmiddle>Q</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"26%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"25%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"49%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"26%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"25%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"49%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"26%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"25%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"49%" =
align=3Dmiddle>Q'</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD>
    <TD bgColor=3D#69e2c1 height=3D23 width=3D"18%"=20
      align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>Q<SMALL><SMALL>(next)</SMALL></SMALL> =3D =
JQ' +=20
      K'Q</STRONG></TD>
    <TD height=3D23 width=3D"27%" align=3Dmiddle>
      <TABLE border=3D1 width=3D"93%">
        <TBODY>
        <TR>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"25%" =
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>Q</STRONG></TD>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"29%"=20
            =
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>Q<SMALL><SMALL>(next)</SMALL></SMALL></STRONG></TD=
>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"24%" =
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>J</STRONG></TD>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"22%"=20
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>K</STRONG></TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"25%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"29%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"24%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"22%" align=3Dmiddle>X</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"25%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"29%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"24%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"22%" align=3Dmiddle>X</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"25%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"29%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"24%" align=3Dmiddle>X</TD>
          <TD width=3D"22%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"25%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"29%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"24%" align=3Dmiddle>X</TD>
          <TD width=3D"22%" =
align=3Dmiddle>0</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD bgColor=3D#69e2c1 height=3D23 width=3D"11%"=20
    align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>D</STRONG></TD>
    <TD bgColor=3D#ffffff height=3D23 width=3D"16%" align=3Dmiddle><IMG=20
      alt=3D"d-fl.gif (1631 bytes)"=20
      =
src=3D"http://www.eelab.usyd.edu.au/digital_tutorial/part3/d-fl.gif"=20
      width=3D102 height=3D89></TD>
    <TD height=3D23 width=3D"28%" align=3Dmiddle>
      <TABLE border=3D1 width=3D"89%">
        <TBODY>
        <TR>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"50%" =
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>D</STRONG></TD>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"50%"=20
            =
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>Q<SMALL><SMALL>(next)</SMALL></SMALL></STRONG></TD=
></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"50%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"50%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"50%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"50%" =
align=3Dmiddle>1</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD>
    <TD bgColor=3D#69e2c1 height=3D23 width=3D"18%"=20
      align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>Q<SMALL><SMALL>(next)</SMALL></SMALL> =3D =
D</STRONG></TD>
    <TD height=3D23 width=3D"27%" align=3Dmiddle>
      <TABLE border=3D1 width=3D"93%">
        <TBODY>
        <TR>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"33%" =
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>Q</STRONG></TD>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"33%"=20
            =
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>Q<SMALL><SMALL>(next)</SMALL></SMALL></STRONG></TD=
>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"34%"=20
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>D</STRONG></TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"33%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"33%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"34%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"33%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"33%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"34%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"33%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"33%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"34%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"33%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"33%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"34%" =
align=3Dmiddle>1</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD bgColor=3D#69e2c1 height=3D22 width=3D"11%"=20
    align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>T</STRONG></TD>
    <TD bgColor=3D#ffffff height=3D22 width=3D"16%" align=3Dmiddle><IMG=20
      alt=3D"t-fl.gif (1624 bytes)"=20
      =
src=3D"http://www.eelab.usyd.edu.au/digital_tutorial/part3/t-fl.gif"=20
      width=3D102 height=3D89></TD>
    <TD height=3D22 width=3D"28%" align=3Dmiddle>
      <TABLE border=3D1 width=3D"88%">
        <TBODY>
        <TR>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"50%" =
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>T</STRONG></TD>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"50%"=20
            =
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>Q<SMALL><SMALL>(next)</SMALL></SMALL></STRONG></TD=
></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"50%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"50%" align=3Dmiddle>Q</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"50%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"50%" =
align=3Dmiddle>Q'</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD>
    <TD bgColor=3D#69e2c1 height=3D22 width=3D"18%"=20
      align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>Q<SMALL><SMALL>(next)</SMALL></SMALL> =3D =
TQ' +=20
      T'Q</STRONG></TD>
    <TD height=3D22 width=3D"27%" align=3Dmiddle>
      <TABLE border=3D1 width=3D"93%">
        <TBODY>
        <TR>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"33%" =
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>Q</STRONG></TD>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"33%"=20
            =
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>Q<SMALL><SMALL>(next)</SMALL></SMALL></STRONG></TD=
>
          <TD bgColor=3D#80d2ad width=3D"34%"=20
align=3Dmiddle><STRONG>T</STRONG></TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"33%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"33%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"34%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"33%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"33%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"34%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"33%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"33%" align=3Dmiddle>0</TD>
          <TD width=3D"34%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD></TR>
        <TR>
          <TD width=3D"33%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"33%" align=3Dmiddle>1</TD>
          <TD width=3D"34%"=20
align=3Dmiddle>0</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P align=3Dleft><FONT face=3DArial>Each of these flip-flops can be =
uniquely=20
described by its graphical symbol, its characteristic table, its =
characteristic=20
equation or excitation table. All flip-flops have output signals Q and=20
Q'.</FONT></P>
<P align=3Dleft><FONT face=3DArial>The <STRONG><EM>characteristic=20
table</EM></STRONG> in the third column of Table 1 defines the state of =
each=20
flip-flop as a function of its inputs and previous state. =
<STRONG>Q</STRONG>=20
refers to the present state and <STRONG>Q(next)</STRONG> refers to the =
next=20
state after the occurrence of the clock pulse. The characteristic table =
for the=20
RS flip-flop shows that the next state is equal to the present state =
when both=20
inputs S and R are equal to 0. When R=3D1, the next clock pulse clears =
the=20
flip-flop. When S=3D1, the flip-flop output Q is set to 1. The equation =
mark (?)=20
for the next state when S and R are both equal to 1 designates an =
indeterminate=20
next state.</FONT></P>
<P align=3Dleft><FONT face=3DArial>The characteristic table for the JK =
flip-flop is=20
the same as that of the RS when J and K are replaced by S and R =
respectively,=20
except for the indeterminate case. When both J and K are equal to 1, the =
next=20
state is equal to the complement of the present state, that is, Q(next) =
=3D=20
Q'.</FONT></P>
<P align=3Dleft><FONT face=3DArial>The next state of the D flip-flop is =
completely=20
dependent on the input D and independent of the present =
state.</FONT></P>
<P align=3Dleft><FONT face=3DArial>The next state for the T flip-flop is =
the same as=20
the present state Q if T=3D0 and complemented if T=3D1.</FONT></P>
<P align=3Dleft><FONT face=3DArial>The characteristic table is useful =
during the=20
analysis of sequential circuits when the value of flip-flop inputs are =
known and=20
we want to find the value of the flip-flop output Q after the rising =
edge of the=20
clock signal. As with any other truth table, we can use the map method =
to derive=20
the characteristic equation for each flip-flop, which are shown in the =
third=20
column of Table 1.</FONT></P>
<P align=3Dleft><FONT face=3DArial>During the design process we usually =
know the=20
transition from present state to the next state and wish to find the =
flip-flop=20
input conditions that will cause the required transition. For this =
reason we=20
will need a table that lists the required inputs for a given change of =
state.=20
Such a list is called the <EM><STRONG>excitation table</STRONG></EM>, =
which is=20
shown in the fourth column of Table 1. There are four possible =
transitions from=20
present state to the next state. The required input conditions are =
derived from=20
the information available in the characteristic table. The symbol X in =
the table=20
represents a "don't care" condition, that is, it does not matter whether =
the=20
input is 1 or 0.</FONT></P>
<P align=3Dleft><A =
href=3D"javascript:loadSession('quiz3.htm')"><BIG><STRONG>Short=20
Quiz</STRONG></BIG></A></P>
<P align=3Dleft>&nbsp;</P>
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