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Subject: Applications
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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Applications</TITLE>
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<H1 align=3Dcenter><FONT color=3Dpurple><I>Applications</I></FONT> </H1>
<BLOCKQUOTE><B>Digital counters are very useful in many applications.=20
  &nbsp;They can be easily found in digital clocks and =
parallel-to-serial data=20
  conversion (multiplexing). &nbsp;In this section, we will use the =
later as an=20
  example on how counters are being used.</B>=20
  <P><B>A group of bits appearing simultaneously on parallel lines is =
called=20
  <FONT color=3D#0080ff>parallel data</FONT>. &nbsp;A group of bits =
appearing on a=20
  single line in a time sequence is called <FONT color=3D#0080ff>serial=20
  data</FONT>. &nbsp;<FONT color=3D#408080>Parallel-to-serial conversion =
</FONT>is=20
  normally accomplished by the use of a counter to provide a binary =
sequence for=20
  the data-select inputs of a multiplexer, as illustrated in the circuit =

  below.</B> </P></BLOCKQUOTE>
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    <TD><B>The Q outputs of the modulus-8 counter are connected to the=20
      data-select inputs of an eight-bit multiplexer. &nbsp;The first =
byte=20
      (eight-bit group) of parallel data is applied to the multiplexer =
inputs.=20
      &nbsp;As the counter goes through a binary sequence from 0 to 7, =
each bit=20
      beginning with D0, is sequentially selected and passed through the =

      multiplexer to the output line. <BR><BR>After eight clock pulses, =
the data=20
      byte has been converted to a serial format and sent out on the=20
      transmission line. &nbsp;Then, the counter recycles back to 0 and =
converts=20
      another parallel byte sequentially again by the same=20
  process.</B></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
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