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Subject: Operating Characteristics
Date: Sat, 1 Jan 2011 15:21:59 +0200
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Operating Characteristics</TITLE>
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<H1 align=3Dcenter><FONT color=3Dorange><I>Applications</I></FONT> </H1>
<H2><FONT color=3Dred>Frequency Division</FONT> </H2>
<BLOCKQUOTE><B>When a pulse waveform is applied to the clock input of a =
J-K=20
  flip-flop that is connected to toggle, the Q output is a square wave =
with half=20
  the frequency of the clock input. &nbsp;If more flip-flops are =
connected=20
  together as shown in the figure below, further division of the clock =
frequency=20
  can be achieved.</B> </BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align=3Dcenter><IMG border=3D0 alt=3D"Frequency Division" =
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src=3D"http://www.eelab.usyd.edu.au/digital_tutorial/part2/pics/divider.j=
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width=3D333 height=3D263><BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE><B>The Q output of the second flip-flop is one-fourth the=20
  frequency of the original clock input. &nbsp;This is because the =
frequency of=20
  the clock is divided by 2 by the first flip-flop, then divided by 2 =
again by=20
  the second flip-flop. &nbsp;If more flip-flops are connected this way, =
the=20
  frequency division would be 2 to the power <I>n</I>, where <I>n</I> is =
the=20
  number of flip-flops.</B> </BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><BR>
<H2><FONT color=3Dred>Parallel Data Storage</FONT> </H2>
<BLOCKQUOTE><B>In digital systems, data are normally stored in groups of =
bits=20
  that represent numbers, codes, or other information. &nbsp;So, it is =
common to=20
  take several bits of data on parallel lines and store them =
simultaneously in a=20
  group of flip-flops. &nbsp;This operation is illustrated in the figure =

  below.</B> </BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
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  <TR>
    <TD><IMG border=3D0 alt=3D"Parallel Data Storage" align=3Dmiddle=20
      =
src=3D"http://www.eelab.usyd.edu.au/digital_tutorial/part2/pics/mem.jpg" =

      width=3D198 height=3D290></TD>
    <TD><B>Each of the three parallel data lines is connected to the D =
input=20
      of a flip-flop. &nbsp;Since all the clock inputs are connected to =
the same=20
      clock, the data on the D inputs are stored simultaneously by the=20
      flip-flops on the positive edge of the clock. &nbsp;<FONT=20
      color=3D#0080ff>Registers</FONT>, a group of flip-flops use for =
data=20
      storage, will be explained in more detail in a later chapter.</B>=20
      <P></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></CENTER>
<P><BR>
<H2><FONT color=3Dred>Counting</FONT><BR></H2>
<TABLE cellPadding=3D2>
  <TBODY>
  <TR>
    <TD><B>Another very important application of flip-flops is in =
digital=20
      <FONT color=3D#0080ff>counters</FONT>, which are covered in detail =
in the=20
      next chapter.</B>=20
      <P><B>A counter that counts from 0 to 3 is illustrated in the =
timing=20
      diagram on the right. &nbsp;The two-bit binary sequence repeats =
every four=20
      clock pulses. &nbsp;When it counts to 3, it recycles back to 0 to =
begin=20
      the sequence again.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<IMG=20
      =
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